Objective: To investigate the pain nursing management status in different hospitals. Method: Totally 40 hospitals were recruited by convenient sampling. Self-designed pain nursing management status questionnaires were used. Results: Of all the 40 hospitals, pain nursing related policy and procedure were established in 23 hospitals (57.5%). All inpatients and outpatients,all inpatients, part inpatients were delivered pain assessment routinely in 8 hospitals, 2 hospitals, and 25 hospitals. While inpatients' pain assessment were not delivered in the left 5 hospitals. The fellow up of pain in cancer patients were recorded in 24 hospitals (60.0%), inpatients' pain education were carried out in 26 hospitals (65.0%). There were advanced pain practice nurses in 18 hospitals (45.0%) and pain nursing professional groups in 20 hospitals (50.0%), the pain nursing course were involved in new employee training and continuing nursing education both in 25 hospitals (62.5%). There was no difference between the use of the subjective pain assessment tools, while there are quite a lot of differences between the use of the objective pain assessment tools in this group of 40 hospitals. Conclusion: The pain nursing management status in different hospitals were variable and the pain nursing management standard is needed.

Through literature, we learn foreign advanced pain management guidelines and pain management quality evaluation system, summarized the research progress on nursing quality management of pain assessment system. This paper provide reference for establishing the quality of pain care standard evaluation system, for improving the relevant system of pain nursing, pain nursing professional personnel training, for promoting optimal pain nursing practice.

Pain seriously affected the quality of life in cancer patients. In order to achieve painless life and improve the quality of life, discharged cancer patients should continue carrying out standardized treatment and nursing care. We constructed an oncology department based multi-disciplinary follow-up system. We continue help them in good pain management and provide psychological supporting after they discharged from hospital. It has good effects in alleviate anxiety of cancer pain patients, and improving their quality of life.

Appropriate pain management in critically ill patients greatly depends on a clinician’s ability to perform reliable and valid pain assessment. Subjective pain assessment tools are available to clinicians when patients are able to complete selfreport tools, the “gold standard” of pain assessment; however, objective pain assessment tools may be appropriate when patients are not capable of adequate communication because of sedation or mechanical ventilation. The pain assessment tools for critically ill patients were elaborated in this article to provide reference for improving the process of pain assessment and management.

The new concept of postoperative pain management includes multimodal analgesia, preemptive analgesia and individualized analgesia. In western countries, the principal part of postoperative pain management nowadays has converted from doctors to nurses. Besides, the assessment of postoperative pain had become one of a routine part in postoperative management.What's more, the technology of PDA and wireless remote pain surveillance system have made the pain management even more efficient and and individualized, all of which promotes the satisfaction of patients, as well as decreases the work of medical care staff.

Objective: To investigate the knowledge and attitude regarding pain in clinical nurses in tertiary A hospitals in Fujian province and analyze the influencing factors. Method: The knowledge and attitudes survey regarding pain (KASRP) was conducted to investigate the cognitive situation of pain in 440 clinical nurses of tertiary A hospitals in Fujian province and the influencing factors was analyzed. Result: The cognitive level of pain in clinical nurses was low , average correct response rate on the scale was 48.35%; The nurses' cognitive level of pain was correlated with the education they received after work (P<0.05). Conclusion: The nurses' knowledge level of pain was low, and the assessment tool of pain was not used popular. The standardized training on pain management can improve the cognitive level of nurses and the quality of clinical nursing as well.

Objective:To analyze the influence of psychological capital on work engagement among emergency nurses.Methods: A total of 432 emergency nurses from 22 secondary and tertiary general hospitals in Anhui province were investigated with Chinese Version of Nurses' Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Results: The average score of nurses' psychological capital was 4.33±0.63. While the average score of work engagement was 3.42±0.75. The score of psychological capital was positively correlated with work engagement significantly (P<0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that hospital level, hope, and optimism entered the regression equation of work engagement. Conclusions:Enhancing emergency nurses' psychological capital could be an effective way to promote their work engagement. In order toimprove nurses' work engagement, Nurse Managers should take reasonable measures to increase nurses' psychological capital,especially their hope and optimism.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the effects of hydrocolloid dressing in preventing Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-related mechanical phlebitis. Methods: The authors searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,JBI Database of Systematic Review, EMBase, PubMed, CBMdisc, Wanfang Data and CNKI to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-Randomized Controlled Trials (q-RCTs) which studied the effects of hydrocolloid dressing in preventing Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-related mechanical phlebitis. The quality of RCTs and q-RCT were critically appraised and data were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. Meta-analyses were conducted for the eligible RCTs. Results: 9 RCTs were included. The meta-analysis had showed that hydrocolloid dressing could decrease the rate of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-related mechanical phlebitis significantly. Conclusion: Hydrocolloid dressing was effective to prevent Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-related mechanical phlebitis.

Objective: To explore the effects of nursing intervention on the sleep quality in community patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: According to the principle of control-matching, eighty COPD patients whose PSQI>7 were divided into two groups. Forty of them in the intervention group received CBSE (Cognitive Behavior Support Education) intervention in addition to routine nursing care, and others in the control group just received routine nursing care. Before and after the intervention, the patients were investigated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Dysfunction Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS). Results: The PSQI score was significantly lower in the intervention group than control group after intervention (P<0.01) and DBAS score was significantly improved (P<0.01). Conclusion: CBSE intervention can improve sleep quality of community patients with stable COPD effectively.

Objective: To investigate the sexual experience and its influencing factors among stoma patients, and to provide reference basis to improve their quality of life. Methods: Totally 75 colostomy patients were recruited and investigated by Arizona Sexual Experience Inventory. Results: The mean score of 75 colostomy patients' sexual experience was 20.56±5.378 and 42 patients (56.0%) had abnormal sexual experience. The abnormal symptoms of sexual experiences in order were sexual arousal(4.96±1.160), orgasm ability (4.86±1.246), sexual satisfaction (4.74±1.291), sexual drive (4.64±0.749), and vaginal lubrication/penile erection (4.40±0.756). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that operation modes, sex life instruction, family relationship,colostomy types, and colostomy complications entered into the regression equation of sexual experience. Conclusion: The sexual disorders among colostomy patients are high and the sexual experience is affected by many factors.

Objective: To develop a set of specialized nursing record sheets of Lumbar intervertebral disc in teriary hospitals of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Heilongjiang province. Methods: Two rounds of expert consultation with Delphi method were used to determine the content of tabular specialized nursing record sheets. Results: The specialized nursing record sheets included three first level indexes: admission nursing record sheet, nursing care record sheet, and discharge guidance record sheet; 32 second level indexes. Conclusion: The tabular specialized nursing record sheets are very specialized and practical. They highlight the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine dialectical nursing, conform to the development of traditional Chinese medicine nursing, and provide references for traditional Chinese medicine nursing system.

Objective: To establish a clinical process flow and management mode of potential critical diseases in pediatric emergency department, in order to recognize and treat patients early to reduce mortality and avoid medical conflicts. Method:The recognition process of pediatric emergency triage was established; clinical scheme for early screening of potential critical disease in pediatric emergency department was enacted. Result: From 2010 to 2013, after application of clinical recognition process and management mode, 10 cases of fulminant myocarditis, 9 cases of EV71-associated severe infection; 8 cases of pyemia and 2 cases of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis were early recognized, which helped avoid 10 cases of medical conflicts. There were totally 7 cases of medical conflicts only, which were 8 cases less compared to the cases reported between 2006 and 2009.The death toll decreased to 118 from 163 before the intervention. Conclusion: The establishment of standard clinical process flow and management mode can increase the early recognition ability of medical staff in emergency department, which can obviously decrease mortality and medical conflicts.

Objective: To analyze the training needs of pediatric nurses under clinical ladder program. Methods: A selfdesigned training needs questionnaire was used to investigate 810 pediatric nurses in our hospital. Results: Overall, they had high level of training needs. The score of clinical practice ability needs was the highest, and the score of nursing management needs was the lowest. There was a decreasing tendency of training needs with the promotion of pediatric nurses' level. The nurses in different level also had and diversity training needs including training content and method. Conclusion: Nursing managers should strengthen the training of pediatric nurses and pay attention to the differences in training demands of nurses in different levels.A systematic, diversified, specific and prospective training program is thus needed to satisfy the needs of pediatric nurses at all levels, and improve training efficiency.

Objective: To investigate the status of pain management for infants with congenital heart disease within 8 h after surgery and extubation. Methods: A total of 20 PICU infants from a cardiology hospital were investigated with general information questionnaire, FLACC tool, analgesia-sedation and non-drug pain relief measures registration form. Results: FLACC score was high in 0 h and 2~4h. The rate of using analgesia-sedation and non-drug pain relief measures increased from 15% to 70%. Then the FLACC scores decreased after 5h. Conclusion:Infants suffer from severe pain on the first day after extubation and it has been improved by analgesia-sedation and non-drug pain relief measures. However, the pain management needs to be strengthened.

Objective: To construct a continuously-improved hierarchical training management system of standardized clinical nurses and to enhance the quality of clinical nursing teaching. Method: We used PDCA cycle in the whole process of teaching management. We established a 3-level teaching organization structure to improve clinical teaching organization and system, implemented hierarchical training management system by combining the resources in and out of the hospital and fundamental and specialized departments, and promoted the construction of information technology test platform gradually by improving teaching evaluation system. Result: A standardized clinical nurse’s hierarchical training management system and individualized training file were built up to ensure the effective hierarchical training management and to improve nurses’learning satisfaction. Conclusion: PDCA cycle were used in every teaching linck to enhance educational system, to implement education activities, to evaluate and to feedback. We have made full use of various management tools into feedback and achieved a continuous improvement of the teaching quality.

The authors analyzed the training status of nursing managers’ development in foreign countries, and then pointed out issues existed in our country such as uneven qualifications, weak pre-service training, untargeted training content, lacking of standard assessment and evaluation, less flexible training methods, and inadequate resources of back-up. They suggested that the relevant stakeholders should learn from foreign experience in job training of care managers, especially pre-service training. A systematic, hierarchical, regular, institutionalized and standardized nursing managers training system which could satisfy clinical needs should be established to promote nurse management staff to adapt to management positions faster, and then improve staff satisfaction and patients’ safety management.

Objective: To study the relationship between perceived social support and professional identity in higher vocational nursing students. Method: We selected perceived social support scale and nursing students' professional identity questionnaire. Totally 192 nursing students were investigated, and data were analyzed. Results: The professional identity score was 80.23±9.60. The family support score was 23.33±5.45; the friend support score was 20.24±3.47; others support score was 17.45±3.23; and the total score of perceived social support was 62.16±5.46. Higher vocational nursing students' professional identity score was positively correlated with the total score of perceived social support, family support score, friend support score and others support score. Conclusion: Social support for higher vocational nursing students can help them improve their professional identity. Higher vocational nursing education should pay attention to family and friends' support to the students, and constantly enhance their positive effect on students' enthusiasm to the profession.

Objective: To analyze the work status, clinical application and management of specialized nurse, and to provide recommendations and strategies for cultivation and management of specialized nurse. Methods: A retrospective survey was conducted to investigate the qualified specialized nurse trained by Anhui training base for specialized nurses from 2006 to 2012 by self and peer- assessment. Results: Primary professional title accounted for 49.27% of the specialized nurses; 92.58% of them were distributed mainly in Class III Grade A hospital and Class II Grade A hospitals; the amount of nurses trained in each institution had a large difference; 82% of them were mainly engaged in general clinical nursing work, and played a relatively weak role in senior clinical practice, quality management and research. Conclusion: The status quo is still insufficient resulting from low selection criteria, lacking of long-term planning, lacking of professional management, emphasizing the training and overlooking the employing. And they are still a young team. The role of senior clinical practice is still not fully developed.

The detailed performance distribution methods of nursing department and secondary distribution of ward nurses were introduced. This scientific and effective nursing performance allocation mechanism could motivate work enthusiasm of clinical frontline nurses, promote nurses professional development continuously, and also facilitate the nursing management innovation to further deepen nurse position management.

Objective: To analyze the effect of Quality Control Circle (QCC) on reducing waiting time of newly hospitalized patients. Methods: The QCC were used for analyzing and observing waiting time of newly patient. Results: Before quality improvement, the waiting time of newly patients was 4209 min in all and 135.77 min per patient. After quality improvement, they were 135.77 min and 33.27 min respectively, decreasing 74.0%. Conclusions: Using QCC in reducing waiting time will make patients to receive treatment in time. Moreover, it will also improve the efficiency of nurses and the utilization of beds.

Objective: To study the effect of applying feedforward control theory in nursing adverse events management.Method: In 2012, we used feedforward control theory in the management of nursing adverse events, and classified nursing hidden trouble events (type A events) and adverse events based on the original nursing adverse events classification. Then, we analyzed the number of reported adverse events and their impact on patients. Results: After using feedforward control in the management of nursing adverse events, 625 nursing hidden trouble events (type A events) were reported in 2012. While there were no type A events reported before 2012. In 2012, there were 44 type B and type C nursing adverse events reported, which were more than 36 cases and 39 cases reported in 2011 and 2010 respectively. Type C events accounted for 25.00% of all nursing adverse events in 2012, which was lower compared to those of 52.78% in 2011 and 61.54% in 2010. Conclusion: Application of feedforward control in management of nursing adverse events can enhance nursing adverse events reporting rate and reduce their impact on patients.

Objective: To explore a new management method of expensive leftover medications in cancer targeted therapy.Methods: We set up a series of standardized management measures related to preservation and use of expensive leftover medications in cancer targeted therapy, and then implemented the management system in our department. Results: In these two years, the management of expensive leftover medications for targeted therapy in our department met the requirements of hospital administration. The leftover medications had always been administered to the cancer patients timely and accurately to ensure the medication efficiency. Meanwhile, it also decreased medical expense for patients. No medication error occurred. Conclusion: The new management method could improve patient's satisfaction and reflect the essence of patient-centered care.

Objective: To investigate the core competency of nurses in the community health service centers. Methods: A total of 369 registered nurses from 8 community health service centers in Shanghai were investigated with a questionnaire named "Chinese registered nurse core ability scale (CIRN)". Results: The average score of core capacity of community nurses was at a lower level (98.61±16.12). The three dimensions which got lowest score were critical thinking & research ability, professional development ability, and education & counseling ability, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that age, job title, position, and education status were influencing factors of the nurses’ core competence. Conclusion: Interventions to improve the core competency of community nurses’ is thus much needed.

Objective: To improve the endoscopic cleaning and sterilization, control hospital infection and ensure medical safety. Methods: Integrative management of endoscopes in Central Sterile Services Department was performed with specific equipements, and specific personnel to clean, sterilize and pack the endoscopes. Quality inspection was conducted through visual observation, maginifier examination and occult blood test before and after the integrative management of endoscopies.Result: There were significant differences in the qualified rates between the endoscopic cleaning with and without the integrative management, and the former was much better than the latter. Conclusion: Integrative management of endoscopes in Central Sterile Services Department could improve the quality of cleaning and thus ensure patient safety.

Objective: To investigate the situation of diabetes mellitus management and education in 35 tertiary A hospitals in China, in order to give reference for Diabetes commission of Chinese Nursing Association to make plan and set work goals in the future. Method: By convenient sampling, the current status of diabetes mellitus management and education was investigated in 35 tertiary A hospitals in China. Result: 80.0% of hospitals held a post in local nursing association and have educational training. The average years of going in for diabetes nursing was (15.22±6.93) years. 94.0% of hospitals had diabetic care unit, the amount of daily endocrine outpatient visits was 30-1200/d , up to 73.5% patients with diabetes . 85.7% of hospitals had diabetes educators and 74.2% of them had been in this field more than five years. Conclusion: The quality of diabetic management and education in tertiary A hospitals in China was high which is the basis of further improvement in all country.

Objective: To analyze the current research status and developing trends of diabetic diet in order to provide reference for further research and development in this area. Methods: We searched the literatures on diabetic diet from 2003 to 2013 from the database (www.cnki.net) using “diabetes” “diet” “meals” as key words and analyzed the literature with the Bibliometric method. Results: Totally 1471 valid articles were retrieved and the related articles increased yearly. Diet intervention and nursing care was the main research topics which was also the current hot research topic in diabetic diet. published the most related articles and was most frequently cited. Most articles were from hospitals. However, the funds-supported papers accounted only for 3.06%. Conclusion: In recent 10 years, although diabetic diet research has achieved certain development, it is still not enough in terms of research depth and width. We strongly recommended normative research design to improve the quality of paper. The researchers should pay attention to the summary papers and the fundamental experiment. Intervention studies on diabetic diet will be the key and difficult point in this area.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and prevention of incontinence-assoicated dermatitis among hospitalized incontinence patients and to provide evidence for training and nursing care of incontinence-associated dermatitis in future Methods: Totally 293 hospitalized incontinence patients were recruited and investigated by self-designed questionnaire. We analyzed the patients by their hospitalized departments, incontinence grade, and prevention status. Results: Among the 293 incontinence patients 14.0% patients had incontinence-assoicated dermatitis, 5.5% had pressure ulcers, and 11.3% had fungal infections. The current preventive measures for incontinence-associated dermatitis were out of date. Conclusion: Training and research about incontinence-associated dermatitis need to be strengthened. It was recommended that we should establish early warning management for incontinence patients , survey and monitor the occurrence of incontinence-associated dermatitis regularly; strengthen the nurses',training, and improve the preventive awareness of incontinence-associated dermatitis.

Objective: To investigate the impact of Motivational Interviewing on Activities of Daily Living (ADL) after stroke in rehabilitation process. Methods: We selected 60 stroke patients from a hospital in Tianjin, and divided them into experimental group and control group according to time, 30 cases in each group. The experimental group received 30-40 minute one-on-one Motivational Interview intervention on the basis of conventional care, and was given a “Handbook on Activities of Daily Living after stroke” as well as a three-month telephone follow-up. The control group received acupuncture and health education as usual care. The intervention effect on patients' ADL was evaluated by using the Barthel Index Scale before intervention, 2 days before being discharged, and 1 month and 3 months after being discharged. Results: The experimental group’s ADL score was higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the experimental group's ADL scores changed over time. It reached the highest at 2 days prior to discharge, and declined to average level gradually 3 month after discharge. Conclusion: Motivational Interviewing could improve patients' ADL ability and speed up their recovery process. The positive intervention effects would be undermined 3 months after discharge, and we should be alert on the appearance of relapse.

Objective: To explore the clinical application of the continous care method to manage insulin injection needle.Methods: The continous care management system, including education during hospitalization, evaluation before discharge,and needle recycle in clinic follow-up, was implemented in this study. A self-designed questionnaire was used to Investigate 150 diabetic patients. Their insulin needle replacement frequency, insulin needle recycle rate and injection site abnormalities were recorded and analyzed. Results: After implementing the new management system, the percent of insulin needle reuse and the incidence of injection site skin abnormalities decreased, while insulin needle recycle rate increased significantly (P<0.05).Conclusion: The continous care management system could effectively reduce the needle reuse, increase the needle recycle,prevent the environment pollution, reduce the adverse reactions at the injection site, and improve the treatment effect.

With the coming of aging society and development of the industrialization, the left-behind elderlies in rural areas have become an important special group in China, and their mental health status raise people’s attention. The main factors which influence their mental health include gender, age, educational level, economic status, labor intensity, the way of staying, the internal time of children contact and their own physical condition.

Given the rising amount of nursing literatures of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which may be a potential impact on nurses and nursing students’ clinical knowledge, nursing practice and nursing research. When translating the results of RCTs into clinical practice, it is important to assess the results with critical thinking and in systematic way, thus we provided a method that involves three main points: credibility: to judge the reliability and validity of the findings; results: to address the clinical and statistical significance of results by the sample size and precision of the effect; applicability: to raise the issue of external validity and the report of adverse effects to determine which patients may best benefit from the new intervention. To help nurses translate the results of RCTs into clinical practice, and improve the quality of clinical care in China.

At present, peer support is actively used in diabetes self-management around the world. The selection, training and evaluation of peer leaders are particularly important because of their core effects. This article reviewed the literatures about the selection, training and evaluation of peer leaders published from 2007 to 2013 in PubMed and Wanfang database. In addition,reflection on the receiver of the peer support was performed.

Nursing undergraduate competency assessment tools could evaluate and monitor quality of higher nursing education, cultivate and identify nursing talents. This paper reviewed the development, quality of tools and usage characteristics of the nursing undergraduate competency assessment tools both here and abroad in recent years to provide useful reference for nursing managers and educators.

Continuing care aims to enlarge the concept of patient-oriented into hospital discharge, to improve patients’quality of life. This paper reviewed the five issues of continuing care in Acute Cerebral Infarction patients: connotation and significance, domestic status of study projects ,implementation form, research tools and implementation effects.