Intensive care is a young medical specialty. Although it has only been 60 years since the development of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), however there have been a big change and progress regarding clinical practice, monitoring technique and quality management of ICU. This article collects the opinions of ICU experts from all over the world to look at the future trends of the ICU.

This article introduces the arterial blood gas analysis clinical practice standards. It has been written for the primary purpose ofregulating the clinical operation of arterial blood gas analysis, reducing the potential hazards to the patient, improving the arterial blood gas specimen quality, and ensuring the safety to the specimen collection stuff.

In order to obtain the best and continuous transition care from Intensive Care Unit to ward for ICU Severe Acute Pancreatitis patients, a nurse-led, multidisciplinary Transitional Care Model was established based on study on need of transitional care and qualitative research on shared decision-making experience for ICU Severe Acute Pancreatitis patients. Evaluation and care, communication and coordination, education and guidance were three main components of the model, standard discharge and liaison plan are needed for ICU SAP patients.

Objective: To improve the accuracy and standardization of nursing practice in the process of administration of enteral nutrition support to patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods: With craniocerebral injury/brain injury/nutritional support/enteral nutrition as the search term, we searched and selected references from WANGFANG DATA, CNKI, VIP, SinMed, Pubmed, Elsevier Science, Wiley Online Library and Web of Science from 2000 to this day. We read, analyzed and summarized these references of enteral nutrition support for patients with severe craniocerebral injury. According to the 2011 evidence classification standard issued by Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, we confirmed the evidence and recommendation, and sorted out the nursing practice of enteral nutrition support. Results: We formulated the nutrition screening method and nutrition nursing interventions, including placement of gastric tubes and intestinal tubes, body position management, feeding practice, monitoring and nursing of complications during the process of nutrition support. Conclusion: It could help to promote safe, effective and standardized nursing practice in Neurological Intensive Care Unit according to those nursing practice confirmed.

By reading domestic and international research literatures of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in ICU patients, this article summarized and reviewed current status, influencing factors and intervention measures of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in ICU patients both at home and abroad, in order to prompt nurses to pay more attention to mealth health conditions of ICU patients.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of prone position ventilation for patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Methods: The studies published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang database were analyzed. The meta-analysis was applied using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 9 randomized controlled studies and 2 359 subjects included were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed the mortality rate was statistically significant [OR=0.60, 95% CI (0.40, 0.90), P=0.01], and the combined effect was statistically significant. The incidence of accidental exhalation, ventilator-associated pneumonia, the incidence of pneumothorax, ICU hospitalization time were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The prone position ventilation can reduce the mortality rate of patients with ARDS.

Objective: To identify the effects of expressive writing intervention on depression, benefit finding and sleep quality among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: About 80 patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=39, expressive writing) and the control group (n=41, no writing). Patients completed The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Benefit Finding Scale (BFS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at baseline and 1, 4 weeks after intervention. Results: Repeated ANOVA showed that group effects were significant on scores of CES-D, BFS and PSQI between the two groups (P<0.05), while there showed no statistically different of all interaction effects. Time effect of scores of CES-D were significant (P<0.05), and time effects of scores of BFS and PSQI had no significance (P>0.05). Conclusions: Expressive writing may relieve depression, facilitate benefit finding, and improve sleep quality in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thus, the expressive writing has good clinical implications.

Objective: To explore the relationship between doctor-nurse collaboration, perceived benefits and work engagement among ICU nurses. Methods: Totally 230 nurses were investigated by Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale (NPCS), Nurses' Occupational Benefit Questionnaire (NOBQ), Work Engagement Questionnaire (UWES-9) and a self-designed demographic questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: The total score of NPCS, NOBQ and UWES, respectively, was 90.60±14.48, 133.30±17.11 and 25.47±7.68. There were positive relationship among doctor-nurse cooperation, perceived benefits and work engagement (P<0.05). The ICU doctor-nurse collaboration had significant prediction effect on work engagement (P<0.05) and the perceived career benefit was a mediator in the relationship between doctor-nurse collaboration and work engagement. Conclusions: The doctor-nurse collaboration and perceived benefits have significant influence on nurses' work engagement, so doctor-nurse collaboration should be improved and great importance on perceived benefits should be attached in ICU to improve the nursing service quality.

Objective: To explore the effect of the Knowledge-Skills-Support symptom management program on the gastrointestinal symptom cluster in cancer patients. Methods: The patients admitted from July to December in 2014 were selected as the control group, which accepted routine care. While the patients admitted from April to September in 2015 were selected as experimental group, which treated with the Knowledge-Skills-Support symptom management program. The MSAS, FACT-G (V4.0) and KPS were used to evaluated the differences in the gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life and functional status of two groups patients on admission, one week after chemotherapy, one month after chemotherapy and three months after chemotherapy. Results: There were statistically significant between two groups in gastrointestinal symptoms experience (F=4.817, P=0.036), functional status (F=2.829, P=0.049) and quality of life (F=15.372, P<0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge-Skills-Support symptom management program can effectively improve the gastrointestinal symptoms, functional status and quality of life of cancer patients.

Objective: To investigate the perception and experience of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with Acute Leukemia. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological research method was applied and semi-structure interview was conducted in 8 acute leukemia patients who received HLA haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from February to December 2016. The original data were analyzed based on Colaizzi 7 steps. Results: Four themes were extracted, which included: strong hope in pre-transplantation, tremendous physical and psychological suffering during transplantation, two contrary outcomes need to be accepted after transplantation, and the mental pressure caused by heavy economic burden. Conclusion: Patients with acute leukemia who underwent HLA haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had various, complicate, strong perceptions and experiences at different stages. Nurses should understand the patient's feelings and psychological needs, and pay attention to patients' feelings and help them cope with the mental problems. It is important to provide holistic care to ensure the smooth process of transplantation, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective: To investigate the stigma status and its influencing factors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods: A total of 122 HIV/AIDS patients were investigated using convenience sampling method. The Social Impact Scale (SIS) was applied. Results: The total score of SIS was 64.64±15.70. The multiple regression analysis showed that education, sick period and infection method were the influencing factors of stigma, which explained 32.6% of the total variance. Conclusion: People living with HIV/AIDS in China has high level of stigma. Nursing management will provide enhanced care to patients considering different education level, sick period and infection method.

Objective: To investigate the cognition, attitudes and clinical practice of ICU medical staff on the early mobilization of patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods: We used questionnaire of general information and medical staffs' cognition, attitudes and clinical practice about early mobilization of patients with mechanical ventilation to investigate 424 ICU medical staff. Results: The cognition and attitudes of medical staff on the early mobilization of patients with mechanical ventilation were at a low level and the clinical practice was poor. Medical staff with different occupations, maximum degree and professional titles has different cognitive scores, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). Medical staff with different occupations, department, maximum degree and professional titles has different attitudes scores, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). The scores of the items on cognition and attitudes were different between doctors and nurses. Conclusion: The health care providers' cognition and attitudes on early mobilization of mechanical ventilation patients were not optimistic. There were still many difficulties in clinical practice, which limited the clinical implementation and development of early mobilization.

Based on the relevant research on the current situation of classification standards of nursing care for the aged at home and abroad, the authors summarized the assessment tools and criteria of nursing classification in pension service, in order to provide reference for developing and improving the classifying system of nursing care for the aged in China.

Reviewing existing literature regarding health needs assessment tools of family caregiver of elders to get insight into the health needs of family caregivers of the elders. It is necessary to develop an assessment-education-guidance-support network based on family caregivers' health needs, so that the caregivers can improve their health and provide high quality care to the elders. This article can provide references for the development of aging society of China.

In this review, the authors clarified the definition of Fear of Falling (FOF), analyzed the negative consequence and risk factors associated with FOF, and provided theoretical basis for developing efficient fall prevention strategies.

Objective: To analyze the effects of unfolding case in the course of Surgical Nursing. Methods: The 99 nursing students from two classes were randomly recruited in the study and divided into experimental group and control group by drawing. The 49 students in the experimental group received the unfolding case teaching, and the 50 students in the control group received conventional case teaching. After the course, the online evaluation of teaching, nursing case evaluation and critical thinking ability were compared between the two groups. Results: The scores of teaching evaluation from students, the ability of knowledge application and critical thinking in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01). Using the unfolding case can improve the quality of teaching, the ability of using knowledge and critical thinking of students. Conclusion: Through learning and discussing the dynamic situation comedy with multi-stage can lay a good foundation for the nursing students to adapt the complex nursing work environment.

Objective: Training needs analysis based on the performance of the nursing team provided evidence for the training and development of nursing human resource. Methods: Firstly, we used template analysis to analyze the problems of the nursing team performance to conclude and refine the training needs. Secondly, on the basis of literature review, combined with the template analysis results, formed the questionnaire of on-the-job training needs of nurses in internal medicine departments and tested its validity and reliability. Finally, we used the questionnaire to investigate training needs of nurses in internal medicine departments. Results: Environment management of wards and disposal rooms, principles of prescription of medical advices and its execution, management of duties and responsibilities of both day and night shifts, management of rules of family visiting and staying with patients, pathway, process and emergency plan of adverse events report , bedside regulations for shifting of duty, basic nursing of patients when admitted to hospital, such as cleaning; and statistical analysis showed statistically difference in training needs on the different professional technical hierarchy (P<0.05). Nurses of the first layer have the strongest needs for training of the above mentioned items except the statistical analysis. Conclusion: Differences existed between performance-based training needs and on-the-job training needs of clinical nurses; hierarchy of professional skills could be used as a hierarchy method for nursing training.

Objective: To explore the turnover intention and job satisfaction as well as the related factors among gynecologic and obstetric nurses in Beijing Public Hospitals. Methods: A questionnaire was conducted among the gynecologic and obstetric nurses in 12 public hospitals in Beijing using convenient sampling method. The multivariable linear regression model was established. Results: The medium point of turnover intention was 50 (maximum 100 points). Themedium point of job satisfaction was 76.92 (maximum 100 points). The Spearman correlation analysis showed that the four dimensions of job satisfaction were negatively correlated with the turnover intention. Regression analysis showed the influencing factors are the satisfaction of working conditions and external incentives. Conclusion: The turnover intention and the job satisfaction among gynecologic and obstetric nurses are at moderate level. Nurse managers should enhance the working conditions and external incentives to improve nurses' job satisfaction and reduce their willingness to leave the job.

Objective: To discuss the two-way selection on the basis of nurses' post management framework, in order to promote personnel system reform, optimize and implement the nursing post management scientifically. Methods: We implemented nurses' two-way selection on the basis of the post management by clarifying their posts and publicizing them. Nurses selected posts by themselves and were also selected by head nurses. The nursing department ran the coordination mechanism to the staffs who were failed to be chosen. Results: The degree of nurses' satisfaction was increased by the two-way selection mechanism. The incidence of nursing adverse events was reduced. The degree of patients' satisfaction was increased from 91.0% to 97.5%. Conclusion: The nurses' two-way selection system is a key measure to carry out nurses' post management scientifically. It's an effective way to stimulate nursing staffs' work enthusiasm and can benefit team collaboration. It is also a scientific exploration of personnel system reform, and helps to promote the reform of public hospitals smoothly.

Objective: To form and implement the nursing safety management strategy based on the investigation and analysis of actual nursing safety management situation in Sichuan province. Methods: Utilizing 'Rules for the Accreditation Standards of General Hospitals' as the blueprint, the authors designed a questionnaire for investigating the work status of nursing safety management in medical institutions from Sichuan province. The questionnaire was used to regularly investigate the nursing safety management situation of 242 hospitals in Sichuan province from 2014 to 2016. Results: The average number of adverse nursing events in hospitals from Sichuan province dropped from 45.44 cases to 36.70 cases. The implementation rate of nursing safety management measures increased from 77.36% to 90.13%. The obvious improvements of the management strategy implementation rate included the managements of pressure sore, fall/falling from bed, handover and medication safety. Conclusion: The occurrence of adverse nursing events in Sichuan province showed a decreasing trend year by year, the degree of implementation of nursing safety management measures increased yearly, the effects of nursing safety management were significant.

Objective: To explore the application effect of blood glucose information management system on the follow-up among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The diabetic patients were randomly divided into experimental group (n=39) and control group (n=37). The experimental group used the information glucose monitor system and glucose Pad, while the control group used the traditional blood glucose monitoring systems. The patients were followed up for six months and were guided to record blood glucose levels, to self-monitor their blood glucose, and to record time and feedback. Results:① The patients in the experimental group increased their blood glucose monitoring frequency than those in the control group after 3 and 6-months (P<0.05). ② The glycosylated hemoglobin levels among patients in experimental group after 3 and 6 months were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).③The self blood glucose monitoring score among patients in experimental group after 3 and 6 months were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The intelligent blood glucose monitoring system could increase the frequency of patients' blood glucose monitoring, help control their blood glucose, be easy to operate and suitable to be used in the follow-up among diabetic patients.

Continuity of nursing care plays an important role in maintaining the health of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. This paper reviewed the necessity, the specific form and content as well as the evaluation on effects of continuity of nursing care for the discharged patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, which could provide reference for the construction and improvement of the mode of continuity of nursing care for the discharged patients after percutaneous coronary intervention in China.

Objective: To explore effects of supportive interventions on post-stroke patients in community with disability. Methods: Totally 210 post-stroke patients in community with disability were divided into the intervention group and the control group with 105 cases in each group according to their level of self-dependence. Patients in the control group were given health education, while patients in the intervention group were given supportive interventions which centered on physical rehabilitation and supplemented by psychological interventions and family social interventions. Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) were adopted before and after interventions as well as 6 months after interventions to assess recovery conditions of patients in both groups. Results: A statistical significance (P<0.05) could be seen when comparing the main effect of intervention factor through SDS, GSES and FAQ between the two groups. As to the main effect of time factor and the interaction factor of MBI, SDS, GSES and FAQ, a statistical significance (P<0.01) also existed. Conclusion: Supportive interventions can effectively improve activities of daily living (ADL), self-efficacy and social functions of post-stroke patients in community with disability, and relieve their depression.

Objective: To understand the status quo of patients with diabetes to control the quality of domestic for private use portable blood glucose meter. Methods: Using questionnaires to investigate 119 patients with diabetes for the quality control of the domestic for private use portable blood glucose meter. Results: Most patients used family glucose meter within 1 year (44.5%), mainly bought from the pharmacy (52.1%), and mainly learned to use glucose meter independently (38.7%). Most patients (58.0%) did not know that they need to regular calibration of home blood glucose meter, and 68.1% of patients can not do the correction of blood sugar. Conclusion: Through the questionnaire survey on patients with glucose meter, we concluded that the regular quality control of glucose meter of the patients was not optimistic, which laid the foundation for further researches to explore the management of the home blood glucose meter. This was a worthy study and a problem to be solved for medical staff.

Objective: To explore the effect of health management mode on weight-loss and quality of life among patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Methods: We recruited 86 PCOS patients from our center whose weights having reached the obese criterion and divided them into the treatment group (n=49) and the control group (n=37) according to their admission series. Patients in both groups received health management including establishing PCOS health management file, adding all patients into Wechat group, posting PCOS-related knowledge on a regular basis, and providing continuous follow-up visit. However, the health management in the treatment group were provided through mobile medical platform. We compared BMI and WHR indexes, anxiety, depression, SF-36 to assess the emotional state and quality of life between the two groups. Results: The BMI and WHR of the treatment group are both decreased compared to those before intervention and lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The emotional state and quality of life among patients in treatment group improved significantly than those before intervention and the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The construction of health management mode could effectively improve the lifestyle among PCOS patients, not only helping them lose weight but also improve their emotional state and quality of life.

Based on the concept of Fast-Track Surgery, we interviewed the concept, time, form, distance, function and influencing factors of the early ambulation among patients undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty, in order to provide the medical staff a safe and effective reference to guide early ambulation among patients undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty.

With the prevalence of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in the whole country, the mortality of critically ill patients has been significantly reduced. However, because of the large number of monitoring equipment and new medical equipment used in the clinical practice, there has a phenomenon of frequent alarm instrument in the ward, which is easy to cause alarm fatigue. This phenomenon can not only affect the medical staff's physical and mental health, but also be a serious threat to the life safety of patients. This paper reviewed the concept of ICU alarm fatigue and its reasons, hazards and prevention strategies.

The paper summarized researches of perceived stigma in epilepsy, including concepts of epilepsy stigma, measuring tools, causes, adverse effects and interventions, so as to provide a theoretical reference for future researches.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between oral chemotherapy adherence and health belief among colorectal cancer patient at different stages of chemotherapy, in order to provide evidence to improve colorectal cancer patients' oral chemotherapy adherence. Methods: This was a prospective study, a descriptive, follow-up design was used in this study. By convenient sampling, totally 132 cases of colorectal cancer patients were collected. The survey investigated general information, oral chemotherapy adherence and health belief by structured questionnaires. Results: In the early and middle stage of chemotherapy, oral chemotherapy adherence was negatively correlated with perceived severity (P<0.01), positively correlated with perceived benefits (P<0.05). In late stage of chemotherapy, oral chemotherapy adherence was positively correlated with perceived barriers (P<0.01). Conclusion: In the early and middle stage of chemotherapy, the more serious patients perceived of the disease, the less benefit they got from treatment, and the more non-adherences they would have. In the late stage of chemotherapy, the more barriers patients perceived during the treatment, the more non-adherences they would have. Nurses should help patients address the benefit of treatment, help them build confidence of treatment and health, and improve patients' adherence to oral chemotherapy.

Objective: To explore the effect of constructing nutritional nursing mode basing on nurses' nutritional risk screening of hospitalized patients. Methods: According to current situation of nutritional care, we gradually built nutritional care model of hospitalized patients, including establishing clinical nutrition care team, training nurses, designing related forms and guidelines about nutritional risk screening, editing 'Clinical nutrition care knowledge manual', making flow chart about nutrition care, and cooperating with multiple disciplines. Results: After implementation of the mode, clinical nurses' nutrition knowledge level was improved (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the use of enteral nutrition preparations and the number of nutrition consultation increased obviously and hospitalized patients' satisfaction to nurses' nutrition guidance improved (P<0.01). Conclusion: We have initially established the nutritional nursing mode of hospitalized patents, that is 'nutritional risk screening after admission—nutritional evaluation—nutritional intervention—effect evaluation'. With two years' practice, it has achieved good results in improving clinical outcomes and the quality of nursing and it is worth generalizing in clinic.

In this article, the authors summarized the status of nurses' cognition and assessment of sleep disturbance, their attitudes on the management of sleep disturbance, and the influencing factors of nurses' cognition and management of sleep disturbance. Then, they raised some suggestions and expectations for nurses' future managementof sleep disturbance.

Background: Hospital-acquired pressure injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and considered to be largely preventable. Pressure injury prevalence is regarded as a marker of health care quality. Objective: To compare the state-wide prevalence, severity and location of pressure injuries of intensive care unit patients compared to patients in non-intensive care wards. Methods: The study employed a secondary data analysis design to extract and analyse de-identified pressure injury data from all Queensland Health hospitals with level I-III intensive care facilities that participated in Queensland Bedside Audits between 2012-2014. The sample included all adult ICU and non-ICU patients that provided consent for the Queensland Bedside Audits, excluding those in mental health units. Results: Excluding Stage I, overall hospital-acquired pressure injury prevalence from 2012 to 2014 was 11% for intensive care patients and 3% for non-intensive care patients. Intensive care patients were 3.8 times more likely (RR 2.7-5.4, 95% CI) than non-intensive care patients to develop a pressure injury whilst in hospital. The sacrum/coccyx was the most common site of hospital-acquired pressure injury in all patients (intensive care patients 22%; non-intensive care patients 35%) however, mucosal pressure injury proportion was significantly higher in intensive care patients (22%) than in non-intensive care patients (2%). Stage II HAPI prevalence was the most common stage reported, 53% for intensive care patients compared to 63% for non-intensive care patients. Conclusion: There are significant differences in hospital-acquired pressure injury prevalence by stage and location between intensive care and non-intensive care patients reflecting the possible impact of critical illness on the development of skin injury. This has implications for resource funding for pressure injury prevention and the imposition of government initiated financial penalties for hospital-acquired pressure injury. For future comparisons to be effective between intensive care units, benchmarking partners should share similar characteristics and relevant targets.