Abstract: Objective: To assess the effect of follow-up intervention by telephone combined with short message on dietary adherence in rural Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: Totally 103 rural PD patients were selected from September 2014 to June 2015. They were randomly divided into control group (52 cases) and intervention group (51 cases). Patients in the control group got routine health education, while the patients in intervention group received follow-up intervention by telephone combined short message after discharge. Renal Adherence Attitudes Questionnaire (RAAQ) and Renal Adherence Behavior Questionnaire (RABQ) were used to investigate their dietary adherence at baseline, 1,3 and 6 months after discharge, respectively. Results: The patients in intervention group had shown a better dietary adherence than that in the control group. The time interaction effects also existed by Repeated Measures analysis. Conclusion: The follow-up intervention by telephone combined short message could improve the dietary adherence of the rural peritoneal dialysis patients.