Abstract: Neonates are highly vulnerable to medication errors because of complex medical interventions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), which can result in temporary or permanent harm. Based on the 10 risk factors of the safe medication use of Institute for Safe Medication Practices in USA (2011), we reviewed the medication risks and coping strategies within the NICU in China and aboard in order to enhance NICU nurses and administrators to design a safe and efficient NICU medication use system.