This paper discussed the new nursing thinking and ideas for acute and critical ill patients. The main contents included the nursing consciousness of preparedness ensures success, nursing thinking of know-why, and nursing art of nuanced observation. It was suggested that health care workers to be diligent in thinking,especially to think out of the conventional, to grasp the essence of clinical nursing with the correct way of thinking. These were instructive for widening nursing thinking method and improving the emergency and critical care nursing level for critically ill patients.

Use Family Functioning Research Program as an example to demonstrate how to design evidence-based interventions-from descriptive research to clinical trials research.

This article introduced the status of nursing needs, gerontological nursing model, the gerontological nursing team in the aging society in China, and put forward suggestions.

As the aging population increased in China, the health care needs of elderly are increasing which requires more professional development in gerontological nursing. This paper illustrated the development of gerontological nursing in the US which is expected to be an inspiration for China to develop gerontological nursing.

Standards for nursing quality control in ICU was updating, the problems,new mentality and new practices was illustrated. Perfecting indicators of quality control,intensifying information system support, using clustered care plan sheet could help quality control in ICU more efficient, more scientific.

Objective: To reduce the management path, to improve the management efficiency, to reduce the incidence of adverse events, and to create a harmonious nursing safety culture atmosphere through the closed loop management of nursing adverse events reported information. Methods: Combining the existing hospital network information resources and Beijing medical information management platform, through the risk assessment, warning, information reporting and analysis of rectification, missing reports screening, fast and effective access to information related to adverse events, scientific and rounded analysis of adverse events, objective and longitudinal release results of adverse event data, continuous improvement measures and dynamic evaluation of improvement, apply information system to reduce the closed loop management path. Results: From January to May in 2016, pressure ulcer, tumbling, pipe slippage, medication errors,accidents, all adverse events incidence compared with 2015 year dropped 32.35%, 40.00%, 7.14%, 33.33%, 42.86% and 30.43%, the incidence of pressure ulcer and all adverse events in 2016 compared to the period of 2015 had statistically difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: The closed loop management of nursing adverse events is helpful to improve the consciousness and efficiency of nursing safety management, and promote the continuous improvement of nursing quality.

Objective: To systematically review the real experience of physical restraint in hospitalized patients.Methods: We searched databases including The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, Embase, Wed of Science, CBM,CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data from inception to January 2016,to collect qualitative studies in the experience of physical restraint in hospitalized patients. After quality assessment, Meta synthesis was used to summarize and explain the results.Results: A total of seven literatures were included. Forty complete findings were grouped according to their similarities and form ten categories. These categories resulted in five synthesized findings: patients' understanding of the use of constraints; the psychological feelings of the patient restraint; the physical feelings of the patient restraint; patients' coping with constraint; patients' suggestions to constraints. Conclusion: Health care workers have to frequently, fully inform of the reasons for the patient's physical constraints. In addition, they should concern about the patients' physical and psychological changes and help them to establish a positive coping style. According to the patients' recommendations appropriate to adjust the constraints of the norms and processes. What is more, on the advice of the patients appropriately adjust the constraint specification and process.

Objective: To explore the relationship between nurse-nurse collaboration and the subjective wellbeing of nurses, and to provide reference for nursing managers to enhance the subjective well-being of nurses from the perspective of nurse-nurse collaboration. Methods: Totally 340 nurses from 3 tertiary hospitals in Heifei were recruited and investigated by the demographic questionnaire, Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale, and Campbell Index of Well-being.Results: The mean score of nurse-nurse cooperation score of was (80.75±8.90), among which the specialization dimension got the highest score (3.33±0.44), and the communication dimension got the lowest score (3.13±0.47). There was significant positive correlation between nurse-nurse cooperation and nurses' subjective well being (P<0.05). The influencing factors of the subjective well-being of nurses were different working departments, professional dimension and sharing dimension of nurse-nurse collaboration (P<0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of nurse-nurse collaboration is, the higher subjective well being is. Nursing managers should focus on the professional ability and the sharing process of nurse-nurse collaboration, develop effective strategy to improve nurses' subjective well-being, and pay more attention to improve the department working environment.

Objective: To investigate the caring efficacy and its influencing factors among ICU nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a teriary Grade A hosptial in Beijing and 110 ICU nurses were investigated using a questionnaire. Results: The level of caring efficacy among ICU nurses was relatively low and was influenced by personal attitude towards human caring and ICU specialist qualification. The ICU nurses considered that nurse-patient relationship and intensive care workload were the main obstacles to delivering human caring. Conclusion: Several measures can be taken to improve the human caring level in Intensive Care Unit, including improving nurse-patient relationship, training ICU specialist nurses, reducing the workload of ICU nurses, and estabishing the woking flow of humanistic care in ICU.

Objective: To investigate the current status and influencing factors of optimistic psychology among maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods: Totally 93 hemodialysis patients from a tertiary hospital in Shanghai were investigated with demographic questionnaire, Optimism Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Scale Chinese version, and Social Support Rating Scale. Results: The total score of optimism questionnaire was 126.91±20.92.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that social support utilization, personality extraversion and neuroticism were the influencing factors of optimistic psychology. Social support utilization and personality extraversion could promote optimism among hemodialysis patients, while personality neuroticism could inhibit optimism. Conclusion: The optimism level among hemodialysis patients need to be improved. The health care professionals should take effective measures to improve patients' optimism level according to the influencing factors.

Objective: To investigate the quality of postoperative pain management in grade II and grade III hospitals of Shandong province. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling of 164 hospitals was recruited and surveyed using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on Acute Pain and Pain Quality Assessment Guidelines.Results: 32.9% of the hospitals have pain management groups; 58.5% of the hospitals assess pain as the fifth vital sign;42.7% of the hospitals evaluate both pain at rest and during movement; 52.4% of the hospitals have patient education; only 3.7% of hospitals have pain resource nurses, and 12.2% of the hospitals have pain education for the nurses. Conclusion:Nursing postoperative pain management should be standardized in hospitals of Shandong. It is necessary to standardize postoperative pain management and set up pain management and evaluation system, in order to improve the quality of postoperative pain management.

Objective: To investigate the research and application status of preterms' pain assessment tools in China and aboard, and to provide references for premature infants' pain assessment in China. Methods: PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang were searched for papers which described praterms' pain assessment for nearly 10 years. Results: A total of 270 papers were recruited including 212 clinical trials with 30 papers (14.15%) not using a pain assessment tool, 91 (42.92%)using tools directly without reliability and validity assessment, and 92 (43.40%) not defining the significance of tools to clinical pain management. Conclusion: It is a general phenomenon in China and abroad that the pain assessment tools were used irregularly, which mislead the pain treatment. It is necessary to regulate the application of preterms' pain assessment in China.

Pain education can effectively improve pediatric nurses' cognition and clinical practice on pain management. This article, proceeding from the current situation, has reviewed the pain cognition of pediatric nurses,implementation and evaluation of pain education as well as prospects and enlightenment, in order to provide reference for the establishment of pain education program for pediatric nurses.

Objective: To explore the way that pain nurse specialists manage the continuous subcutaneous injection of morphine for patients in hospitals. Methods: The pain nurse specialists assessed 40 advanced cancer patients with severe pain, participated in the development of pain management plans, filled in assessment tables, administered subcutaneous injections and delivered pain manage. Results: Three to 5 days after the continuous subcutaneous injection of morphine, the rest pain and motion pain scores were both below 3 for all patients. The pain remission rate was 100%. No nursing errors occurred. The satisfaction rates of patients, physicians and nurses were all above 96%. Conclusion: The involvement of pain nurse specialists in the continuous subcutaneous injection of morphine for patients in hospital was effective and safe. It could reduce physicians' workload, and increase physicians' and nurses' satisfaction rate.

Objective: To investigate the current status of self-differentiation and clinical practice maladjustment in intern nursing students, and analyze the correlation between them. Methods: A total of 389 practical nursing students were investigated using The Undergraduate Self-Differentiation Scale and Nursing Students Clinical Practice Maladjustment Scale. Results: The mean scores of the self-differentiation and the nursing Students clinical practice maladjustment were(3.95±0.51) and (3.40±0.47), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the total score of Self-differentiation and it's each dimension scores were positively correlated with the score of maladjustment of clinical practice (P<0.01). Conclusion:The level of nursing student's self-differentiation can affect their adaptation to the situation of clinical practice. Clinical nursing educators may utilize the characteristics of nursing students' self differentiation to take corresponding measures to improve the current situation of clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the effect of the construction and implementation of flipped classroom in "task list" centered Vocational Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing teaching. Methods: Totally 96 students of class 3 and class 4 from 2014 class were included in the study,Class 4 was assigned as the control group which received convential teaching method; Class 3 was assigned as the experimental group which received "task list" centered flipped classroom teaching.Results: The theoretical and practical results in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01).The scores of independent learning ability of the experimental group were significantly higher than those before the teaching (P<0.01), and was obviously higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:The"task list"centered flipped classroom teaching in Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing can improve students' academic performance, independent learning ability, which lay the foundation for the students for continuous improvements.

Objective: To establish a qualification and evaluation system for clinical instructors for Master of Nurisng Specialist, and provide effective basis for the selection, training, and evaluation of the instructors. Methods: Through literature review, open questionnaire survey, and experts interviews to set the preliminary index system. The Delphi method was used for two rounds of 33 experts' consultations. Result: In the two rounds of consultations, experts' positive coefficients were 87.9% and 89.7%, respectively. The authoritative coefficients of experts were 0.853 and 0.872, respectively.The Kendall's W coefficients were 0.231and 0.295, both of them were statistical significance (P<0.01). The evaluation system included 9 access indicators, 5 dimensions, 19 evaluation indicators, and 56 evaluation items. Conclusion: The whole system for clinical instructors of Master of Nursing Specialist is highly scientific, which is able to serve as an effective tool to manage clinic instructors.

Objective: To investigate the influence of junior ICU nurses' Adversity Quotient on work engagement. Methods: A total of 223 junior ICU nurses from Guangdong were investigated. A structured, self administrated questionnaire revealing nurses' demographics, adversity quotient and work engagement was used. Results: The mean score of adversity quotient was (137.96±19.77). The mean score of work engagement was (56.95±5.06). Employment status of junior ICU nurses' was significantly associated with work engagement. Significance was also seen for control and patience among nurses with work engagement. Conclusion: Work engagement of junior ICU nurses was in moderate level.Frustration education should be provided to enhance nurses' adversity quotient in order to improve their work engagement.

Objective: To investigate the current situation of the nursing discipline and human resources, and analyze the important factors affecting its development. Methods: Data were searched in the following electronic databases,including official websites of higher education statistics both in China and abroad, World Health Organization (WHO),International Council of Nurses (ICN), the World Bank, and National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. Data analysis was conducted by using Microsoft Excel software. Results: a) The classification of nursing discipline in China was about 30 years later than in America. The secondary professional settings in China were unclear; b) Nurses younger than 35 years old accounted for 57.2% of all nurses. Nurses with work experiences of more than or equal to 20 years accounted for 29.5%. Nurses with associate or higher degrees accounted for 56%. Nurses with bachelor or higher degrees only accounted for 10.6%. The ratio of nurses with high professional titles to those with low titles was 1 to 36.1; c) By 2013, the doctor-to-nurse ratio was 1 to 1.11. Legal retirement age of nurses was much younger than those in developed countries. The average starting salaries of doctors were 2.22 times of those of clinical nurses; d) By 2014,the number of registered nurses was 3.004 million, which was more than those of doctors for the first time in the history.Conclusion: Nursing education and management systems need to be extensively reformed. We should learn from the developed countries, fully understand the importance of those talent nurses in the construction of the nursing discipline,exploring the implementation of clinical nurse multi-spot practice, stabilizing the shortage situation of nursing human resources, so that to meet the growing needs of the society.

Objective: To implement the national encouragement on deepening the reform of healthcare system and the standardized training program of nurses in Chongqing, and to cultivate highly qualified practical nurses. Methods: Being one of the nurses' standardization training base in Chongqing, we took measures like setting up goals, making rules, strengthening the teachers' strength and processing management to carry out the nurses standardized training solidly. Results: One year later, a total of 55 nurses took and passed the examination, test passing rate is 100%. The training nurses' satisfaction was 93.5% in 2014, and was up to 94.3% in 2015. The loss rate of training nurses was 9.71%. Conclusion: The management of nurse's standardized training still needs to clarify the training target, to strengthen the process of management, to enhance the teaching team, to improve the safeguard mechanism, and to improve the nurse's standardized training quality constantly.

Objective: To explore an effective way of nursing talent management. Method: Nursing Department developed relevant documents with Political Department. 85 nurses were recruited in the nursing talent pool in 2013.3 subsidiaries were set for skilled nurses, nurse managers and clinical nursing specialists. Staffs were trained and appraised for a two-year period. Results: The establishment of nursing talent pool has got positive responses by both nursing staffs and hospital administrators. Totally 69 participants met the standard and significantlyimproved their competence. Conclusion:The nursing talent pool can provide career development for nurses and maintain a competitive advantage through effective management training for talented nurses.

Objective: To analyze the effect of the application of standardized secondary triage mode in the emergency waiting patients. Method: Totally 4320 patients were assigned to control group by convenient sampling method, and 4543 emergency waiting patients were assigned to observed group. The patients in the control group received routine secondary triage. In contrast, the patients in the observed group received standardized secondary triage. Analyze and compare the waiting patient satisfaction and incidence of accident between two groups. Results: The satisfaction rate on service,humanistic care and overall satisfaction in the observed group were higher than the rates from control group (P<0.05). The incidence of accident of the observed group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The standardized secondary triage mode provides early identification and intervention to recognize "potential critical patients" in the emergency waiting patients, dynamically adjust the visiting sequence and destination, so that the patients can get timely treatment, achieve the effectiveness and accuracy of secondary triage, protect the safety of medical treatment and improve patient satisfaction.

The aim of the article is to review on the commonly used patient safety culture assessment tools in foreign medical institutions and domestic homemade tools, and on the evaluation results, and to compare the performance characteristics of the tools, so as to provide the reference for seleting the tools.

Objective: To explore the effect of intravenous chemotherapy on the fall risk of the cancer patients. Methods: Using fall risk assessment scale of cancer patients to assess the fall risk in 343 cancer patients before chemotherapy, undergoing chemotherapy and after chemotherapy and to analyze the difference on fall risk score in three stages. Results: The distribution proportion of cancer patients which had different grade of fall risk in three stages of chemotherapy were significant different (χ2=260.753, P<0.001). The fall risk score before chemotherapy,undergoing chemotherapy and after chemotherapy were 1.08±1.93, 3.07±1.96 and 1.76±1.90 respectively, and they were statistically significant (F=92.283, P<0.001). According to the days receiving chemotherapy, we divided the patients into four different groups. And there were no significant difference of fall risk score in different groups (F=0.511, P>0.05).Conclusion: Intravenous chemotherapy could increase the fall risk in cancer patients. We should take high risk management model for the patients with intravenous chemotherapy and take measures to prevent the risk of fall before chemotherapy for increasing the work efficiency. After the patients discharged, we should also pay attention to the fall risk of the patients to ensure the patients' safety.

This paper focused on the core elements of transitional care, and introduced the current status of the Hospital-Community-Continuity of Care for patients with stroke and health service system in Denmark. On this basis, the methods for transitional care in China were proposed.

In order to explore effective and safe intervention strategies of clinical nursing assessment and dynamic monitoring among severe stroke patients, we evaluated and summarized the intervention strategies of assessing and monitoring the vital signs, intracranial pressure, Glasgow score, blood sugar, pressure sores and nutrition of severe stroke patients from the nursing literature. The intervention strategies could provide guidance to implement timely, accurate, safe and effective nursing care in severe stroke patients.

Emergency delirium has become an important problem that emergency health care workers need to face.The complex reasons and serious consequences need our active response. This review summarized the clinical features,assessment tools, adverse consequences and improvement measures of delirium in emergency department both in China and aboard, and provided evidence for care of delirium patients and research on delirium in emergency department.

Venous Thromboembolism is a common vascular disease which is difficult to be cured. It is also the most common complication among hospitalized patients with high morbidity and mortality and has become a worldwide public health problem. In order to improve the preventive effect of Venous Thromboembolism, this article reviewed an effective prevention method recommended by the domestic and foreign scholars, including basic prevention, drug prevention and physical prevention. We also discussed the prevention methods according to the low, middle, high, and high risk groups in order to improve the prevention awareness among medical staff and patients, and reduce the incidence of Venous Thromboembolism effectively.

Objective: To describe the current situation of nursing management of common complications in bedridden patients at the department level. Methods: We investigated head nurses from 158 departments of tertiary hospitals, 61 departments of secondary hospitals and 21 departments of primary hospitals in 6 provinces with selfdesigned questionnaire. Results: Among the investigated departments, only 35.80% carried out risk assessment for the four common complications, and 84.58% had patient follow-up programs. Fifty-five percent of departments had specialist nurses, and these specialist nurses were 12.93% of all nurses. The proportion of departments that had specialist nurses and the implementation rate of nursing interventions for complications in tertiary hospitals were better than those of secondary and primary hospitals (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the proportion of specialist nurses in primary hospitals was less than those in tertiary and secondary hospitals. Conclusion: Nursing management for common complications of bedridden patients at the department level should be improved. Nurse managers should pay more attention to the training and the use of specialist nurses, and develop follow-up programs. At the same time, it was also very important to develop detailed and evidencebased nursing standards for common complications of bedridden patients, and to apply them in all hospitals.

The incident rate of post-ICU cognitive impairment is relatively high in ICU survivors.Post -ICU cognitive impairment will severely affect the quality of life in patients and family members, increasing medical cost.The incidence of Post-ICU is a result of multiple factors and is difficult to be well prevented by using any single measure alone.The purpose of this article is to summarize the related factors and intervention measures in order to provice reference for clinical settings.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effect of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) on diabetes-related distress and stress in diabetic patients. Methods: Sixty-four diabetic patients were randomly assigned to either case or control group. The case and control groups received the same treatment and health education, the only difference was stress inoculation training administered in the case group, which was composed of eight 90min sessions over 8 weeks. Data were collected using Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), The Problem Areas In Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Chinese Version Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between case and control groups in terms of diabetes-related distress and stress (P<0.01). Stress inoculation training reduced diabetes-related distress and stress in diabetes patients. Conclusion: SIT significantly reduced diabetes-related distress and stress. Therefore, teaching this skill and the strategies of coping with stress is recommended for these patients, in addition to medical treatment.

Nutritional risk has high incidence in critically ill patients, and nutritional risk screening is the first step of nutritional support. The paper aims to contribute some suggestions to improve the present situation on the ground of an indepth review on the clinical application of the nutritional risk screening tools in critically ill patients.

This paper reviewed the conception, assessment tools and application of physician-nurse collaboration in China and aboard, expecting to provide reference for choosing and developing physician-nurse collaboration assessment tools. We recommended that we should evaluate the physician-nurse collaboration level periodically and included the physician-nurse collaboration assessment into the nurses' working environment evaluation system in order to enhance the physician-nurse collaboration, improve patient care quality and nurses' working environment.

Overview of clinical management of patients undergoing In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer(IVF-ET) in the fertility clinic at National University Hospital in Singapore, in order to provide future references for his area of study. To implement the "one stop" service model to achieve the goal that patient priority the first; To strengthen the "total solution" health education of patients who are undergoing IVF; To make the technology of assisted reproductive more Standardized by Standardized operation procedure (SOP); To enhance the management level of IVF patients through humanized service.